Severe cardiac events induced by combination immunotherapy in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis.

Introduction: The use of combined immunotherapy could increase non-severe and severe cardiac events in patients with cancer. To examine the occurrence of severe cardiac adverse events of combined immunotherapy compared to single immunotherapy, we analysed 4 electronic databases from inception to August 2021. Material and methods: We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing combined versus single immunotherapy, for the treatment of melanoma, oesophagogastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Pre-defined combined immunotherapy included monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1 inhibitors) plus against cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 inhibitors) or against programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1 inhibitors) plus CTLA-4 inhibitors. The pooled risk ratios (RR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using a random-effects model. Results: Four RCTs involving 1581 patients were included, with a follow-up time between 18 and 39 months. The use of combined immunotherapy in comparison with single immunotherapy was not associated with an increased risk of severe cardiac adverse events: acute coronary syndromes (RR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.29-10.83, very low certainty of evidence (CoE)), myocardial infarction (RR = 3.93, 95% CI: 0.44-35.39, very low CoE), heart failure (RR = 2.99, 95% CI: 0.61-14.79, very low CoE), and atrial fibrillation (RR = 2.26, 95% CI: 0.62-8.16, very low CoE). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis shows that the risk of severe cardiac adverse events with combined immunotherapy seems similar to single immunotherapy, but the evidence is very uncertain. Therefore, more RCTs with longer follow-ups and adequately powered to assess cardiac adverse events are needed to confirm these findings.

Sub-oclusión intestinal y desnutrición severa en esclerosis sistémica sin esclerodermia

La esclerosis sistémica sin escleroderma es una forma no común de compromiso sistémico de esta enfermedad, con ausencia de manifestaciones cutáneas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 71 años con índice de masa corporal (IMC) en 16,9 kg/m2, con historia de hipotiroidismo y estreñimiento crónico, quien acude a emergencia por dolor y distensión abdominal, asociado a náuseas. Se realizó una tomografía abdomino-pélvica encontrándose cámara gástrica colapsada, asas intestinales con algunos segmentos distendidos, con signos de fecalización de asa delgada. La colonoscopía describió dolicocolon severo. Se observaron placas induradas en codo derecho y en ambos glúteos. Los exámenes auxiliares: ANA 1/640 patrón centromérico, anticuerpos anticentrómero = 227 U/mL (valor normal - VN: 0-25), Anti SCL-70 = 1,9 U/mL (VN 0-25) y anti RNP = 0,1 U/mL (VN 0-25). La capilaroscopía de borde ungueal a 200x mostró megacapilares. El diagnóstico clínico fue esclerosis sistémica sin esclerodermia. Se inició tratamiento con dieta rica en fibra y nutrición parenteral por 1 semana. La evolución de la paciente fue favorable.

Systemic sclerosis sine Scleroderma is an uncommon form of systemic compromise of this disease, in the abscense of cutaneous manifestations. We present the case of a 71 years-old woman, body mass index (BMI) in 16.9 kg/m2, with history of hypothyroidism and chronic constipation, who goes to the emergency with pain, abdominal bloating, and nausea. An abdominopelvic tomography was made, reporting a collapse of the gastric chamber, some segments of intestinal loops distended with signs of fecalization in the small intestine. A colonoscopy described severe dolicocolon. We observed indurated plaques in left elbow and in both buttocks. Lab tests: ANA 1/640 with anticentromeric pattern, anticentromere antibodies = 227 U/mL (0-25), Anti-SCL-70 = 1.9 U/mL (0-25), anti-RNP = 0.1 U/mL (0-25). Peri-ungueal cappilaroscopy 200x showed mega capillaries. Clinical diagnosis was systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma. We initiated treatment with a high-fiber diet and parenteral nutrition for a week. The patient evolution was favorable.

[Cardiovascular compromise in the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus]. / Compromiso cardiovascular en la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was associated with increased morbidity and mortality, predominantly for opportunistic infections, before using antiretroviral therapy. With this, patients have experienced increased survival and cardiovascular compromise too. The etiology of these clinical conditions could be related to the infection itself, adverse events associated with antiretroviral therapy, or adverse events produced by the combination with other drugs. Some of these conditions have an acute onset, and their rapid recognition is vital for a better prognosis.

Weight and Metabolic Outcomes in Naïve HIV Patients Treated with Integrase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of integrase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy could be associated with worse weight and metabolic outcomes in patients with HIV infection. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2022. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing integrase inhibitors with other antiretroviral classes (efavirenz-based or protease inhibitor-based therapies) in naïve HIV patients. Random effects meta-analysis was used to assess the effects of integrase inhibitors vs. controls on weight and lipid outcomes. Effects were described as mean differences (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Certain pieces of evidence (CoE) were evaluated using the GRADE methodology. RESULTS: Six RCTs (n = 3521) were included, with patients followed up between 48 and 96 weeks. The use of integrase inhibitors in comparison with other antiretroviral classes was associated with an increase in weight (MD 2.15 kg, 95%CI 1.40 to 2.90, I2 = 0%, moderate CoE), and decreases in total cholesterol (MD -13.44 mg/dL, 95%CI -23.49 to -3.39, I2 = 96%, low CoE), LDL cholesterol (MD -1.37 mg/dL, 95%CI -19.24 to -3.50, I2 = 83%, low CoE), HDL cholesterol (MD -5.03 mg/dL, 95%CI -10.61 to 0.54, I2 = 95%, low CoE), and triglycerides (MD -20.70 mg/dL, 95%CI -37.25 to -4.15, I2 = 92%, low CoE). There was a high risk of bias in two RCTs and some concerns about bias in two RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV patients, the use of integrase inhibitor-based therapy in comparison with protease inhibitor- or NNRTI-based therapy was associated with a small increase in weight and small decreases in lipid serum levels.

Atherogenic index of plasma and coronary artery disease: A systematic review.

Various studies suggest that the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in different clinical scenarios. This review aimed to synthesize evidence of the association between AIP values and CAD. A literature search was carried out on four databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid-Medline. A handsearch was performed on preprint repositories (MedRxiv and Research Square). The effect measurements were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). For the quantitative synthesis, we employed a random-effects model. We analyzed 14 articles (with 40,902 participants) from seven different countries. The quantitative analysis revealed that an increase in one unit of AIP was associated with higher odds of developing CAD (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.65-2.69; P < 0.001; I 2 = 98%). We conducted subgroup analyses of Chinese (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.40-2.56; P < 0.001) and non-Chinese studies (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.42-4.42; P < 0.001). The sensitivity analysis by risk of bias continued to demonstrate an association, and the heterogeneity remained unchanged (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.33-2.31; P < 0.001; I 2 = 98%). Higher AIP values were associated with higher odds of developing CAD.

Efficacy of Liraglutide in Non-Diabetic Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Objective: We systematically assessed the efficacy of liraglutide in non-diabetic obese adults. Methods: Six databases were searched up to July 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing liraglutide versus placebo in obese adults. Primary outcomes were body weight and body mass index (BMI). Secondary outcomes were treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), hypoglycemic episodes, HbA1c, and blood pressure. Effect measures were risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with their confidence interval (95%CI). Random-effects models and inverse variance meta-analyses were used. Quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Twelve RCTs (n = 8249) were included. In comparison to placebo, liraglutide reduced body weight (MD −3.35 kg; 95%CI −4.65 to −2.05; p < 0.0001), and BMI (MD −1.45 kg/m2; 95%CI −1.98 to −0.91; p < 0.0001). Liraglutide did not reduce TEAEs (RR 1.08; 95%CI 0.92 to 1.27; p = 0.25), and Hb1Ac (MD −0.76%; 95%CI −2.24 to 0.72; p = 0.31). Furthermore, it did not increase hypoglycemic episodes (RR 2.01; 95%CI 0.37 to 11.02; p = 0.28). Finally, liraglutide reduced systolic blood pressure (MD −3.07 mmHg; 95%CI −3.66 to −2.48; p < 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (MD −1.01 mmHg; 95%CI −1.55 to −0.47; p = 0.0003). Seven RCTs had a high risk of bias. Subgroup analyses by length of treatment and doses had effects similar to the overall analyses. Quality of evidence was low or very low for most outcomes. Conclusions: In non-diabetic obese adults, liraglutide reduced body weight, BMI and blood pressure in comparison to placebo. Adverse events, Hb1Ac levels and hypoglycemic episodes were not different than placebo.

[Acute cardiovascular complications in a Peruvian population of oncology patients]. / Complicaciones cardiovasculares agudas en una población peruana de pacientes oncológicos.

Objective: To know the most frequent acute cardiovascular complications in a Peruvian population of oncologic patients. Materials and methods: Retrospective, descriptive study of oncologic patients treated at Clinica Delgado between January 2014 and December 2019, from which the subgroup with the seven most prevalent cancers at the national level was selected according to information from Globocan 2018. Additionally, we evaluated the epidemiology of patients with cardiovascular complications that conditioned their hospitalization or were detected during this, calculating their cardiovascular risk according to Hermann and SCORE risk scales. Results: Forty-four patients had complications; 27 (61.4%) were hospitalized due to acute cardiovascular causes. The mean age of this subgroup was 69.88 years (SD 12.77), and 22 (81.5%) were older than 60 years. Fourteen (51.9%) were male. According to the Hermann scale, 33.3% had intermediate-risk and 14.9% had a high or very high risk. According to the SCORE scale, 62.97% had an intermediate-risk and 7.40% high risk. The most common acute cardiovascular complications were deep vein thrombosis and ischemic stroke (66.65%). One patient (3.7%) reported previous cardiovascular disease. Four patients (14.8%) had a fatal outcome during hospitalization. The median length of hospitalization was five days. Conclusions: We present the cases of acute cardiovascular complications in a population of oncologic patients and their vascular risk according to Hermann and SCORE scales. The most common complications were deep vein thrombosis (48.14%), stroke (18.51%), and myocardial infarction (14.81%).

Factores asociados a mortalidad en enfermedad SARS-CoV-2 grave de un hospital peruano / Factors associated with mortality in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Peruvian hospital

Objetivo: Determinar factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad grave por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados por enfermedad grave (saturación periférica de Oxígeno < 93% o compromiso radiológico pulmonar > 30%) y prueba molecular positiva en hisopado nasofaríngeo; en el hospital Rebagliati entre marzo y mayo de 2020. Se revisó historia clínica electrónica, resultados de análisis (de laboratorio y radiológicos) al ingreso y tratamiento recibido. Se realizó estadística bivariada y multivariada utilizando regresión de cox. Resultados: Se incluyeron 337 pacientes, de los cuales 215 fallecieron (63.8%). Fueron de sexo masculino 72.1%, edad promedio 63.6 años (DS 15.3), tiempo de enfermedad 7.4 días, estancia hospitalaria 10.3 días y 48.8% ingresó a ventilación mecánica invasiva. El análisis multivariado encontró significancia en edad > 60 años (HR 1.76, IC95% 1.26-2.45), antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (HR 1.63, IC95% 1.14-2.32), compromiso radiológico pulmonar > 75% (HR 1.87, IC95% 1.37-2.56), leucocitosis > 14000 x mm3 (HR 1.59, IC95% 1.15-2.20), albúmina sérica < 4.0 g/dL (HR 2.49, IC95% 1.30-4.75) y lactato > 1.5 mmol/L (HR: 1.766 IC95% 1.25-2.49). Conclusiones: La edad mayor de 60 años, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, compromiso pulmonar severo, leucocitosis, albúmina baja y lactato elevado al ingreso hospitalario, son factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad grave por SARS-CoV-2.

Objetive:To determine factors associated with mortality in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. Materials and methods: Retrospective study in patients older than 18 years hospitalized with severe disease (peripheral oxygen saturation <93% or radiological lung involvement > 30%) and a positive RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swab; in the Rebagliati hospital between March and May 2020. We reviewed electronic medical record, results of admission studies (laboratory and radiological) and treatment received. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed using cox regression. Results: 337 patients were studied, 215 of them died (63.8%). 72.1% were male, mean age was 63.6 years (SD 15.3), time of disease evolution was 7.4 days, hospital stay 10.3 days, and 48.8% were on mechanical ventilation. Multivariate analysis found significance in age > 60 years (HR 1.76, IC95% 1.26-2.45), history of type 2 Diabetes (HR 1.63, IC95% 1.14-2.32), pulmonary involvement > 75% (HR 1.87, IC95% 1.37-2.56), leukocytes > 14000 x mm3 (HR 1.59, IC95% 1.15-2.20), serum albumin < 4.0 g/dL(HR 2.49, IC95% 1.30-4.75) and lactate > 1.5 mmol/L(HR: 1.766 IC95% 1.25-2.49). Conclusions: Age older than 60 years, type 2 diabetes mellitus, severe pulmonary involvement, leukocytosis, low albumin, and high lactate at admission are factors associated with mortality in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 disease.

Desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos en el contexto de la etapa inicial de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en Perú / Shortage of antidiabetic and antihypertensive in the context of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Introducción: Un adecuado abastecimiento de medicamentos en los establecimientos de salud aumentará la posibilidad de un adecuado control de la hipertensión y la diabetes. Objetivo: Determinar el desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos a nivel nacional en el contexto de la etapa inicial de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en Perú. Material y métodos: Análisis del "Sistema integrado de suministro de medicamentos e insumos médicos quirúrgicos" (SISMED) entre el 13 de junio y 15 de julio del 2020, de acuerdo a la lista del "Petitorio nacional único de medicamentos de medicamentos esenciales" (PNUME) del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Entre el 16 % y 24% de las regiones están totalmente desabastecidos en al menos un antidiabético y entre 4 y 96 % en al menos un antihipertensivo. El antidiabético más desabastecido fue la Metformina de 500 mg y los antihipertensivos más desabastecidos fueron Labetalol 5 mg/ml iny, Atenolol 50 mg tab y Carvedilol 6,5 mg tab. El desabastecimiento fue porcentualmente mayor en hospitales y los institutos especializados en comparación con centros y puestos de salud según región geográfica. Conclusiones: Existe un desabastecimiento de antihipertensivos y antidiabéticos en los establecimientos de salud, el cual es heterogéneo en las diferentes regiones del Perú.

Introduction: Adequate drug supply in health facilities will increase the possibility of adequate control of hypertension and diabetes. Objective: To determine the shortage of antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs at the national level in the context of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Material and methods: Analysis of the "Sistema integrado de suministro de medicamentos e insumos médicos quirúrgicos" (SISMED) between June 13 and July 15, 2020, according to the list of the "Petitorio nacional único de medicamentos de medicamentos esenciales" (PNUME) of the Ministry of Health. Results: Between 16% and 24% of the regions are totally out of stock in at least one antidiabetic and between 4% and 96% in at least one antihypertensive. The most undersupplied antidiabetic was Metformin 500 mg and the most undersupplied antihypertensives were Labetalol 5 mg/ml injection, Atenolol 50 mg tab and Carvedilol 6.5 mg tab. Stock-outs were percentage-wise higher in hospitals and the specialized institutes compared to health centers and health posts according to geographic region. Conclusions: There is a shortage of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs in health facilities, which is heterogeneous in the different regions of Peru.

Desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos en el contexto de la crisis por la COVID-19 en Perú

Introducción: Un adecuado abastecimiento de medicamentos en los establecimientos de salud aumentará la posibilidad de un adecuado control de la hipertensión y la diabetes. Objetivo: Determinar el desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos a nivel nacional en el contexto de la crisis por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Análisis del "Sistema integrado de suministro de medicamentos e insumos médicos quirúrgicos" (SISMED) entre el 13 de junio y 15 de julio del 2020, de acuerdo a la lista del "Petitorio nacional único de medicamentos de medicamentos esenciales" (PNUME) del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Entre el 16 % y 24% de las regiones están totalmente desabastecidos en al menos un antidiabético y 4 % y 96 % en al menos un antihipertensivo. El antidiabético más desabastecido fue la Metformina de 500 mg y los antihipertensivos más desabastecidos fueron Labetalol 5 mg/ml iny, Atenolol 50 mg tab y Carvedilol 6.25 mg tab. El desabastecimiento fue porcentualmente mayor en hospitales y los institutos especializados en comparación con centros y puestos de salud según región geográfica. Conclusiones: Existe un desabastecimiento de antihipertensivos y antidiabéticos en los establecimientos de salud, el cual es heterogéneo en las diferentes regiones del Perú.

Introduction: An adequate supply of medicines in health establishments will increase the possibility of adequate control of hypertension and diabetes. Objective: To determine the supply of antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs at the national level in the context of the crisis by COVID-19. Material y methods: Analysis of the "Sistema Integrado de Suministro de Medicamentos e Insumos Médicos Quirúrgicos" (SISMED) Database, between June 13th and July 15th, 2020, according to the "National list for medicines of essential medicines" (PNUME) of Ministry of health. Results: Between 16% and 24% of the departments have a total shortage of at least one antidiabetic, and 4% and 96% of at least one antihypertensive. The most depleted antidiabetic was Metformin 500 mg, and the most depleted antihypertensive drugs were Labetalol 5 mg / ml iny, Atenolol 50 mg tab and Carvedilol 6.25 mg tab. The percentage of distribution was higher in hospitals and specialized institutes in comparison with primary health facilities. Conclusions: There is a shortage of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs in health centers in Peru.

Pulmonary Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Systematic Review.

The goal of this review was to systematize the evidence on pulmonary ultrasound (PU) use in diagnosis, monitorization or hospital discharge criteria for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Evidence on the use of PU for diagnosis and monitorization of or as hospital discharge criteria for COVID-19 patients confirmed to have COVID-19 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) between December 1, 2019 and July 5, 2020 was compared with evidence obtained with thoracic radiography (TR), chest computed tomography (CT) and RT-PCR. The type of study, motives for use of PU, population, type of transducer and protocol, results of PU and quantitative or qualitative correlation with TR and/or chest CT and/or RT-PCR were evaluated. A total of 28 articles comprising 418 patients were involved. The average age was 50 y (standard deviation: 25.1 y), and there were 395 adults and 23 children. One hundred forty-three were women, 13 of whom were pregnant. The most frequent result was diffuse, coalescent and confluent B-lines. The plural line was irregular, interrupted or thickened. The presence of subpleural consolidation was noduliform, lobar or multilobar. There was good qualitative correlation between TR and chest CT and a quantitative correlation with chest CT of r = 0.65 (p < 0.001). Forty-four patients were evaluated only with PU. PU is a useful tool for diagnosis and monitorization and as criteria for hospital discharge for patients with COVID-19.

A cross-sectional study of the scientific production of doctoral graduates in Peru. / Estudio transversal de la producción científica de graduados de doctorado en Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the scientific production of doctoral graduates in Peru. METHODS: We made a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative analysis approach of the scientific production of doctoral graduates in all areas of science registered in the National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation of Peru. RESULTS: We analyzed the scientific production of 942 doctoral graduates with a median time since the graduation of 84 months (interquartile range: 36 to 132). In total, 532 (56.48%) had published an article in their lifetime. The median of published articles was four (interquartile range: 2 to 12), and the median H-index of the doctoral graduates who had published was two (interquartile range: 1 to 5). We found that the number of publications and H-index was statistically different according to the doctorate area of science (p < 0.05 for both). Natural Sciences (69.13%), Engineering (67.47%), and Health Sciences (67.08%) had the highest proportion of doctoral graduates with at least one publication. Regarding gender and university of origin (foreign or Peruvian), it was found a difference concerning the number of articles published and the H-index (p < 0.05 for both) being that male and doctoral graduates with a foreign doctoral degree had higher scientific production. CONCLUSIONS: Only six out of 10 Peruvian doctoral graduates have published at some point in their life. The areas of science with the highest production by doctoral graduates were Natural Sciences, Engineering, and Health Sciences. There is higher scientific production in males and graduates from a foreign university.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la producción científica de los graduados de doctorado en el Perú. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con enfoque de análisis cuantitativo acerca de la producción científica de los graduados de doctorado en todas las áreas de la ciencia reconocidas por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica del Perú. RESULTADOS: La producción científica de 942 graduados de doctorado fue analizada. La mediana de tiempo desde la graduación fue de 84 meses (rango intercuartílico: 36 a 132). Del total, 532 (56,48%) habían publicado algún artículo en su vida. La mediana de artículos publicados fue de cuatro (rango intercuartílico: 2 a 12) y la mediana del índice H de los médicos que habían publicado fue de dos (rango intercuartílico: 1 a 5). Se encontró diferencia en el número de publicaciones e índice H (p <0.05 para ambos) según el área de ciencia del doctorado. Ciencias Naturales (69,13%), Ingeniería (67,47%) y Ciencias de la Salud (67,08%) tuvieron la mayor proporción de graduados de doctorado con al menos una publicación. En cuanto al género y la universidad de procedencia (extranjera o peruana), se encontró una diferencia en cuanto al número de artículos publicados y al índice H (p < 0,05 para ambos), siendo que los hombres y los graduados de doctorado en el extranjero tuvieron mayor producción científica. CONCLUSIONES: Solo seis de cada 10 graduados de doctorado peruanos han publicado en algún momento de su vida. Las áreas de ciencia con mayor producción por los graduados de doctorado fueron Ciencias Naturales, Ingeniería y Ciencias de la Salud, existiendo además una mayor producción científica en varones y egresados de una universidad extranjera.

Compromiso cardiovascular en COVID-19 / Cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19

El compromiso cardiovascular de los pacientes con COVID-19, especialmente en la subpoblación con factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, se asocia a la severidad de la enfermedad e inclusive a una mayor mortalidad en algunas series de casos. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos descritos con mayor claridad son la injuria miocárdica directa y el proceso asociado a la inflamación sistémica.Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares son diversas e incluyen injuria miocárdica, miocarditis, miocardiopatías, insuficiencia cardíaca, síndromes coronarios agudos, arritmias, eventos tromboembólicos. Adicionalmente, debemos considerar los efectos adversos de los medicamentos utilizados para tratar la infección viral. (AU)

Cardiovascular compromise among COVID-19 patients, especially in the subpopulation with cardiovascular risk factors, is associated with severity of disease and a higher mortality in some case-series. The most clearly described pathophysiological mechanisms are direct myocardial injury and the process associated with systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular manifestations are diverse and include myocardial injury, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events. Moreover, we must consider the adverse effects of medications used to treat the viral infection. (AU)

[Self-Knowledge, Adherence to Treatment, and Control of Arterial Hypertension in Peru: a Narrative Review]. / Autoconocimiento, adherencia al tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial en el Perú: una revisión narrativa.

This non-systematic bibliographic review examines the published Peruvian medical literature on arterial hypertension (HTN) as of December 2016. The results were divided into three thematic areas: self-knowledge, adherence to treatment, and control. We identified 197 articles, although only 15 were used for the analysis. Despite improvement in recent years, we found that the level of self-knowledge about HTN is poor. The level is better in urban areas, but is generally worse than in other Latin American cities. Moreover, despite improvement, HTN control is insufficient and worse than in other Latin American countries. Finally, adherence to treatment may be worse in the provinces.

Se describe la producción científica peruana sobre hipertensión arterial (HTA) que se publicó en la literatura médica, mediante una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática hasta diciembre del 2016. Los resultados se dividieron en tres áreas temáticas: autoconocimiento, adherencia al tratamiento y control. Se encontraron 197 artículos, pero solo 15 se utilizaron para el análisis. Los resultados sugieren que el nivel de autoconocimiento de la HTA es deficiente, aunque ha mejorado en los últimos años. Esto es mejor en las poblaciones urbanas y en general, peor que en otras ciudades latinoamericanas. De igual forma, aunque el control de la HTA ha mejorado, es insuficiente y por debajo de otros países latinoamericanos. Finalmente, es posible que la adherencia al tratamiento sea peor en provincias.

ANCA-Positive pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus / Glomerulonefrite rapidamente progressiva ANCA-Positiva pauci-imune em paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Abstract The pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis (PICGN) is generally associated with small-vessel vasculitis with a few reported cases associated with other autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). We present the case of a female 34-year-old patient with acute kidney injury symptoms with indication for renal replacement therapy in the context of clinical SLE diagnosis. A kidney biopsy was conducted and it was found that most glomeruli showed some segmental sclerosis with synechia to the Bowman's capsule. 67% of the glomeruli had fibroepithelial crescents. Moreover, the interstitial space had a moderate lymphomononuclear infiltration and mild fibrosis. In the arterioles, there were walls thickened by subintimal sclerosis. Direct immunofluorescence detected limited IgM and C3 deposits in capillary loops and negative mensangium for IgG, IgA and C1q. A therapy using corticosteroids and intravenous cyclophosphamide was initiated with stable evolution. PICGN associated with SLE is a rare pathology with clinical presentation, varied evolution and without a standard medical treatment.

Resumo A glomerulonefrite rapidamente progressiva pauci-imune apresenta-se geralmente associada a vasculite de pequenos vasos, com poucos casos associados a outras doenças imunes como o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Apresentamos no presente artigo o caso de uma mulher de 34 anos de idade com sintomas de insuficiência renal aguda e indicação de terapia renal substitutiva, no contexto de diagnóstico clínico de LES. A biópsia renal realizada revelou que a maioria dos glomérulos apresentavam um certo grau de esclerose segmentar e sinéquias com a cápsula de Bowman. Sessenta e sete por cento dos glomérulos apresentava crescentes fibroepiteliais. Além disso, o espaço intersticial exibia infiltrado linfomononuclear moderado e fibrose discreta. Nas arteríolas, as paredes encontravam-se espessadas por esclerose subintimal. A imunofluorescência direta detectou depósitos limitados de IgM e C3 nas alças capilares e mesângio negativo para IgG, IgA e C1q. Tratamento com corticosteroides e ciclofosfamida endovenosa foi iniciado com evolução estável. A glomerulonefrite rapidamente progressiva pauci-imune associada a LES é uma patologia rara com manifestação clínica e evolução variada, sem tratamento clínico padronizado.

Características clínico epidemiológicas de la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en un hospital terciario de lima, Perú / Epidemiological Clinical Characteristics of Acute Cardiac Insufficiency in a Tertiary Hospital in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA), se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 1075 pacientes de un hospital de Lima. La edad promedio fue 74 años y el 55% fueron de sexo masculino. El 39% tuvo ICA con fracción de eyección reducida, el 15% con fracción de eyección de rango medio y el 46% con fracción de eyección preservada. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (52,6%) y la enfermedad coronaria (51%). El 29,2% de los pacientes tuvo hospitalizaciones previas por ICA. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 3 días. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria por todas las causas fue 7,2%. La hospitalización ocurre, predominantemente, en pacientes de edad avanzada y con múltiples comorbilidades. El bajo uso de fármacos recomendados, conjuntamente con la alta frecuencia de hospitalizaciones previas, probablemente, inciden en la alta tasa de mortalidad registrada en el presente estudio.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute heart failure (AHF) in 1,075 patients from a hospital in Lima, Peru. The average patient age was 74 years and 55% of study subjects were men. Moreover, 39% of patients in the sample had AHF with low ejection fraction, 15% had intermediate ejection fraction, and 46% had preserved ejection fraction. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.6%) and coronary disease (51%). Moreover, 29.2% of patients had previous hospitalizations due to AHF. The median hospital stay was 3 days. The rate of in- hospital mortality from all causes was 7.2%. Hospitalization was more common in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The low use of prescription drugs together with the high rate of previous hospitalizations may explain the high mortality rate reported in this study.

Scientific production of Vice Chancellors for Research in Peruvian universities with a medical school. / Producción científica de los vicerrectores de investigación en universidades peruanas que tienen una facultad de medicina.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the scientific production of Research Vice-chancellors at Peruvian universities that have medical schools, as well as their academic degrees as an indirect way to evaluate their suitability for the position they hold. METHODS: We searched all Peruvian universities that register medical schools. Of these, the scientific production of the universities registered in SCOPUS was identified in September of the 2016. The scientific production of the vice chancellors of investigation of these faculties of medicine was determined through the search of its scientific publications registered in SCOPUS and those reported in the National Registry of Researchers in Science and Technology. Academic degrees were obtained from the database of the National Superintendence of Higher University Education. RESULTS: The sample included 28 research vice chancellors. Only 4/28 had any publications. The average number of articles published by the vice chancellors of research was 1.71, the number of citations 23.1 on average and the H index 0.64. Besides, 22 Vice-chancellors of research had the degree of doctor, four had the degree of bachelor and two the degree of master. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific production of research vice chancellors is poor. The required academic grade requirement for the position is not met in all cases. It is likely that, having no research experience, his leadership in directing a university's research policies may be questioned.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la producción científica de los vicerrectores de investigación de universidades peruanas en las que se imparte educación médica. Además, se busca comparar sus grados académicos como una forma indirecta de evaluar su idoneidad para el cargo que ostentan. MÉTODOS: Se hizo la búsqueda de todas las universidades peruanas que registran facultades de medicina. De ellas, se identificó la producción científica de las universidades registradas en Scopus en septiembre de 2016. Se determinó la producción científica de los vicerrectores de investigación de dichas facultades de medicina a través de la búsqueda de sus publicaciones científicas registradas en Scopus y las reportadas en el Registro Nacional de Investigadores en Ciencia y Tecnología. Los grados académicos fueron obtenidos de la base de datos de la Superintendencia Nacional de Educación Superior Universitaria. RESULTADOS: La muestra incluyó 28 vicerrectores de investigación. Sólo cuatro de 28 tuvieron alguna publicación. La media del número de artículos publicados por los vicerrectores de investigación fue de 1,71; el número de citaciones fue de 23,1 en promedio y del índice H 0,64. Además, 22 vicerrectores de investigación tenían el grado de doctor, cuatro tenían el grado de bachiller y dos el grado de magíster. CONCLUSIONES: La producción científica de los vicerrectores de investigación es pobre. El requerimiento de grado académico necesario para el cargo no se cumple en todos los casos. Es probable que, al no tener experiencia en investigación, su liderazgo en dirigir las políticas de investigación de una universidad pueda ser cuestionado.

Autoconocimiento, adherencia al tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial en el Perú: una revisión narrativa / Self-Knowledge, Adherence to Treatment, and Control of Arterial Hypertension in Peru: a Narrative Review

RESUMEN Se describe la producción científica peruana sobre hipertensión arterial (HTA) que se publicó en la literatura médica, mediante una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática hasta diciembre del 2016. Los resultados se dividieron en tres áreas temáticas: autoconocimiento, adherencia al tratamiento y control. Se encontraron 197 artículos, pero solo 15 se utilizaron para el análisis. Los resultados sugieren que el nivel de autoconocimiento de la HTA es deficiente, aunque ha mejorado en los últimos años. Esto es mejor en las poblaciones urbanas y en general, peor que en otras ciudades latinoamericanas. De igual forma, aunque el control de la HTA ha mejorado, es insuficiente y por debajo de otros países latinoamericanos. Finalmente, es posible que la adherencia al tratamiento sea peor en provincias.

ABSTRACT This non-systematic bibliographic review examines the published Peruvian medical literature on arterial hypertension (HTN) as of December 2016. The results were divided into three thematic areas: self-knowledge, adherence to treatment, and control. We identified 197 articles, although only 15 were used for the analysis. Despite improvement in recent years, we found that the level of self-knowledge about HTN is poor. The level is better in urban areas, but is generally worse than in other Latin American cities. Moreover, despite improvement, HTN control is insufficient and worse than in other Latin American countries. Finally, adherence to treatment may be worse in the provinces.